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| influenced = | awards = | spouse = Pilar del Rio Ilda Reis | partner = | children = | relatives = | signature = Assinatura José Saramago.png | website = }} José de Sousa Saramago, GColSE (; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010), was a Portuguese writer and recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the human factor. Harold Bloom described Saramago as "the greatest living novelist" and considers him to be "a permanent part of the Western canon",〔 while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant."〔 More than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.〔〔 A proponent of libertarian communism,〔 Saramago was criticized by institutions such as the Catholic Church, the European Union and the International Monetary Fund, with whom he disagreed on various issues. An atheist, he defended love as an instrument to improve the human condition. In 1992, the Government of Portugal under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva ordered the removal of ''The Gospel According to Jesus Christ'' from the Aristeion Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political censorship of his work,〔 Saramago went into exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote, upon which he resided until his death in 2010.〔Quoted in: 〕〔 Saramago was a founding member of the National Front for the Defense of Culture in Lisbon in 1992, and co-founder with Orhan Pamuk, of the European Writers' Parliament (EWP). ==Early and middle life== Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in Ribatejo Province some one hundred kilometers northeast of Lisbon.〔 His parents were José de Sousa and Maria de Piedade. "Saramago", the Portuguese word for ''Raphanus raphanistrum'' (wild radish), was his father's family's nickname, and was accidentally incorporated into his name upon registration of his birth.〔 In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died. He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying good-bye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling."〔() 〕 Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12. After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper ''Diário de Notícias'', a position he had to leave after the democratic revolution in 1974.〔 After a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself solely as a writer. Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only daughter, Violante, was born in 1947.〔 In 1986 he met Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio. They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「José Saramago」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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